Transition Periods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transition Periods - Essay Example How children react to transiting situations and how their teachers deal with them at such situations. According to the example in the article, the teacher feels helpless when he is unable to change children from playing to cleaning. These children would not listen to the clean up time voice from the keyboard because according to them their play time should continue endlessly. The reason as to why they feel that way is because they have recognized and adapted to the game time. The author states that children should be left alone to deal with transition periods so as to grow up only after ensuring that the classrooms activities are satisfying and age appropriate. The reason as to why children feel stressed up during transition period is because they feel uneasy, anxious and threatened by unpredictable situations. They feel more comfortable when faced with a predictable situation that they can quickly determine the outcome. Teachers also feel anxious when faced with transitional situations. They also prefer ongoing situations than unlikely situations that keep them worrying if everything is okay. The report also states various factors that lead to transitional anxiety including boredom. Waiting builds up anxiety, even the most composed children with good manners gets anxious when they are forced to wait. Insistence on uniformity, when children are forced to move uniformly, they get anxious and mostly they act in accordance with the way their teachers did when they were anxious. Unclear future also causes anxiety because children get scared to perform a task they are not familiar with or are not sure of its outcome. Most children fear failure. They get scared of a task if there is a probability of failure especially if the teacher has to be using praise on those children who do well. Clarification of tasks helps to reduce stress during the transition. When children know exactly what they are expected to do and the results that will come out of such a task,

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Example for Free

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Microsoft Publisher Microsoft Word Paint Internet Explorer This table shows all the applications I used to complete my coursework Name of Application Price Main Functions Advantages Disadvantages Microsoft Publisher i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft publisher is to create websites, documents, cards, almost everything ETC. It is easy to create these kinds of things with Microsoft publisher. It is very easy to create websites cards etc. It takes a very long time to install on the computer. It runs in a very fast speed so it doesnt need time to load up. It can be very confusing and you need to know how to use it. It has so many design options, about over 1,000 professionally designed templates. You cant make very precise layouts because it doesnt have the precise tools. Microsoft Word i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft office word is to create and also edit text, graphics in letters, reports, and web pages and also email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles and formatting the font. Data can be imported from a spreadsheet to this so that a mail merge can be created. It is quite difficult to store data like Microsoft Access. If you get any mistakes it can be corrected so easily. Not everyone will be able to purchase it because it costs too much. The work can be saved so that it could be done at another time. If people start relying on the spell checker they might lose their spelling skills. Internet Explorer You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. Some information can be biased and inaccurate. Used for a lot of things E. G. Communication, shopping, gaming E. T. C Surfing the internet too much, can be addictive. It can be accessed by anyone in the world. Illegal sites always occur even if youre surfing the web carefully. Paint You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is to create drawings and to display scanned photos. The other function is to create pictures and diagrams. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. It cant store information in a table like Microsoft Access. You can draw logos, pictures E. T. C Older versions of it cannot open files that are from a newer version. It has a special image function which allows you to edit or change photos. It cannot type in text in different forms like Microsoft Office Word. Alternatives This table show the alternatives of the table above Name of Application Alternative Application The way it works Advantages Disadvantage Difference it would make if I used it Microsoft Publisher Adobe Dreamweaver The main function of Adobe Dreamweaver is to create mainly websites but other things can be made such as cards, magazines etc. Websites can be made much more accurately and much more precise than Microsoft word. It is much more expensive than Microsoft word so it cant be purchased by everyone. The main difference it makes is that I would be able to work more accurately and create better websites. However it is more complicated than Microsoft publisher so it will be hard to use. Website designers can make changes to the design of a website simply by editing the Dream Weaver template files. It is much more complicated than Microsoft word so itll be hard to use. Simple and complex websites can be designed using a point and click method. It takes much longer to install. Microsoft Word Open Office Writer The main function of is to create and edit text, reports, and web pages and email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles. The wizard makes it easier for new beginners to use. The wizards appear too much which is distractible. The main difference is that I would be able to create and edit text, reports, web ages and email messages easier and much more accurate. It can connect to any existing database. It is less popular than Microsoft Office Access so not many people use it. You dont have do buy this but you can get it for free. For some people this could be hard to use because of the extra functions. Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. It is much quicker and faster than internet explorer. It is not supported by a small proportion of web sites. The main difference is that I would be able to gather information and surf the net much quicker than internet explorer. It has more security on it because it doesnt let pop ups through at all. With Mozilla Firefox some websites do not display properly. It has more design and looks better than Internet Explorer. Fire fox has to be bought separately if it is to be installed in the computer. Paint Paint. net It works in the same way as paint. But this has extra special features and they work by having a user interface which can automatically know something new directly. There are different versions for different operating softwares. People could get wrong versions and so they wouldnt work and they would have to buy new ones. The main difference is that I will be able to get help from the online forums If I did not no how to use it. Also if I make a mistake and I realise after a bit, then I will be able to go to that mistake because there is unlimited undos. It has online forums which makes it easy for members to get help from users. Some people wont understand it because it looks very complicated. There is an unlimited amount of pressing undo. It doesnt come supplied with computers from before so you have to buy it. Microsoft Publisher It is used for creating mainly websites. Microsoft Word It is used for typing in any kind of information. Internet Explorer It is used for getting information. Ismail Bismillah Paint It is used for creating pictures, drawings, logo E. T. C Input These are the input devices I used to make my work easy. Device Speed Errors that can be made Way to correct errors Keyboard The speed of the keyboard is measured in form of words per minute. It depends if you are a fast typist or a slow one. Many errors can be done whilst typing. For example, when youre typing very quickly, you can press the wrong key which will change the spelling of a word. Also when youre typing numbers you can make mistakes. E. g. if you want to type in 786 and your in a rush you can make mistakes like pressing the wrong numbers. (768) The way to correct these errors is to type a lot and you will get use to it so much that you wont get any mistakes. Another easier method is to click on tools then click on spelling and grammar. This will show you all the mistakes and you can easily correct it later. Mouse The speed of the mouse also is measured in the similar way. (Clicks per minute) It depends if you are fast or slow on using the mouse. Many errors can also be made whilst using the mouse. The main error that can be made is that when you are in a rush, you can easily click on something wrong which will take you to a different place. Also the mouse can easily slip when youre moving it. The way to correct these errors is to use a mouse pad which is especially designed/made for mice. Another way to correct this error is to use the mouse a bit slower and not in a rush. Scanner The speed of the scanner depends on how much data is being scanned. It also depends on what type of scanner it is. Errors can be made using the scanner as well. The main error that can be made is that the paper can be put the wrong way (upside down). Also the paper can sometimes be inserted half way inside. The way to correct these errors is to check carefully which way the paper should be put in. Also the paper should be put in straight and not bent. Keyboard I detected errors in my work by using the spelling and grammar checker to check any spelling mistakes and any punctuation mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would use the proof reader to correct mistakes that are done in my work. To prevent errors from happening, I typed a bit slower and much more carefully and I carried on looking at the screen to see if there were any mistakes I made. Mouse I detected errors in my work by checking manually if I made any clicking mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that I would click the right thing if something unwanted had been clicked by going back and clicking the right thing. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that I would buy a mouse pad so that the mouse doesnt slip and so the wrong thing doesnt be clicked. Scanner I detected errors in my work by checking manually if all the information has been scanned and also that it is the right way round but not upside down. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that if the data is scanned upside down than I would delete that data and I would than scan the data again by moving the data on the scanner the other way round. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that the data is the right way round in the first place and also make sure that no part of it is covered up. Effects of Inaccurate Data Inaccurate data will affect the system in many ways. Data Effect Way it can be prevented Spelling mistakes (website). If spelling mistakes are made then wrong information might be given out and also the customers will think this agency is not a professional one. To prevent this I spell checker can be used. I can also tell someone to go through it and look at my mistakes. Hyperlinks not linked correctly If hyperlinks are not linked properly then the business will become low because when you click on the link itll send you somewhere else or not take you anywhere. This can be prevented by checking the hyperlinks properly and making sure there are no mistakes. Also makes sure checking takes place before advertising. Not changing the colour of hyperlinks If hyperlinks do not change colour then the customer will not no which site he has been to so he will go on that website repeatedly. The way this can be sorted out is that when a customer clicks on the hyper link then it should change colour so the customer does not go on it repeatedly. The best way to stop all the problems is to keep on checking if you have made mistakes. This way all your mistakes will be sorted out. And there wont be any inaccurate data Validation Validation is to make sure that data which is being entered should be reasonable and allowable meaning that it is something possible but it doesnt have to be correct. There are a few different types of validations to help reduce the number of errors made by a user: Type check, range check, picture or format check, check digit, field length checks etc. Verification The validation can be used to make sure that when a user types data in the computer and if there are any errors made in the typing then they are reduced. For example if a database was going to be made with mistakes like if a 1993 date of birth was typed and was not true, the computer will not take it as an error if was programmed to let in anything between 1990 and1994. So the results would be incorrect and full of mistakes. This could also be known as Garbage In, Garbage out (GIGO). So that is why validations are important to help make sure that the user knows if there are any errors that have been made when typing data into the computer but it does not help in telling if the data is true or false. Output This table shows the outputs I used. Device Type The way it works Advantages Disadvantages Best place to use it Printers Laser A mirror reflects a beam of laser, and then lays them. A toner is then sprayed onto it. A paper is now pressed onto the toner and is slightly heated so that it sticks firmly on the paper. It prints out very quickly compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is the most expensive printer especially the colour lasers. The best place to use this laser printer is an office because an office requires a large amount of papers printed in small amount of time and with less noise as possible. It prints out very fast compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers Because it is so big it takes up more space than ink-jet printers. It has a high quality compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is very expensive to repair because of the complex parts inside.

Definitions of Project Success

Definitions of Project Success Using your own words, define â€Å"Project Success†. Describe some aspects of how you would approach a project to ensure delivery of successful project outcome.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction Projects are defined by their scope, budget, and schedule. For example, an Agency is to undertake a project to design and build a new maintenance facility for its fleet of buses (scope), at an estimate of $30 million (preliminary budget) over a three-year period (schedule). The schedule specifies a defined beginning and end. Projects go through a life cycle of phases between their beginnings and end that for construction projects are typically: initiation, planning, design, construction, commissioning, and closeout. Project Success is defined in many ways but briefly means that it consists of many activities which have to be considered and completed within the constraints of time, cost, and performance. Project can be successful if the following factors are implemented. Time Period: Time plays a key role for completion of project. Every Project are constrained to a specific time period and within that time the project should be completed. There should not be any extensions if the completion date of project is finalised. Cost/Budget: It is also a key constraint for all projects in a limited budget. Projects should run within the budget allocated. All requirements should be fulfilled within the budget limits and the resources should be used efficiently to complete the project. Generally the project manager develops the budget based on the cost estimates at the beginning of each project phase and refines it once there is better information defining the scope. Refining the budget occurs through studies and analysis in the design development process through the Preliminary engineering phase.   When Agencies try to fix the budget too early in the project life cycle, they are surprised by the significant increases in the budget over what was set forth in the Capital Improvement Plan. The budget should not be fixed as baseline until after completion of the preliminary engineering phase. Performance: SocioCultural Issues: Sociocultural factors play an increasingly significant role in the development project management. This aspect produces a provisional social system within a well-built organizational environment that unites the talents of a different set of professionals working to entire the project. Project managers should build a supportive social network among a different set of collaborators with diverse standards, obligations, and views. Since People are the essential part of project, the essential factors narrating people in project management are teamwork, communication, leadership, negotiation, problem solving, behavioural characteristics and conflict management. Projects success greatly depends upon the commitment of all the team members to achieve the common goal. To select the right members and ensure good team work within the project team is a challenge for the project manager. Effective communication is essential; the main objective of communication in project management is to perceive that there is a general understanding of the project. Leadership involves identifying and articulating the need to considerably change the direction and function of the project, aligning people to the latest direction, and motivating them to work collectively to conquer hurdles produced by the change and to understand innovative objectives. Negotiation is the process of planning, discussing, suggest, trade-offs, bargaining and agreeing. The factors like resources, assignments, scope, cost and schedule of objectives are managed by the project staff in a project. The project manger should be capable of identifying and analysing problems related to technical and managerial aspects in a project. By constructing problem-solving in a project and problem collaboration in project team then these problems are dealt swiftly. Problem definition and decision making are involved in problem solving. Behavioural characteristics are the factors that divide and depict a persons favoured way of acting, interacting, and responding in a variety of circumstances. The behavioural characteristics which are essential for project management are thoughts, common sense, progressiveness, adaptability, creativity, prudent risk taker, equality and commitment. In several organizations, conflicts occur between employees as a normal result of employee relations. The project manager needs to identify the objects and behavioural components of conflict. In any organisation conflicts can be managed by collaborating, compromising, smoothing, avoidance and competing.  Ã‚     Ã‚   1. Project Mission- It should have defined goals and general directions. 2. Project Schedule/Plan - A detailed specification of the individual activities for the project Implementation. 3. Client Consultation - There should be regular consultation, communication and active participations in all meetings. 4. Personnel Recruitment, Selection, and Training of the necessary personnel for the project team. 5. Technical Tasks For a certain project there should be availability of the required technology and expertise to accomplish the specific technical action steps. 6. Clients Acceptance - The act of selling the final Project to its ultimate intended users. 7. Monitoring and Feedback- Timely provision of comprehensive control information at each stage in the implementation process. 8. Communication The provision of an appropriate network and necessary data to all key actors in the implementation process. 9. Trouble-shooting - Ability to handle unexpected crises and deviations from plan. 10. Top-Management Support - Willingness of top management to provide the necessary resources and authority/power for project success. Question 2 (5 Marks) Describe the role of the Project Manager. Discuss the extent to which the power of the Project Manager is dependent upon the organisational context. (Note assume the organisation is the employer of the Project Manager).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Introduction: Definition: A project manager is the person who has the overall responsibility for the successful planning and execution of a project. Aim Of Project Manager To understand the nature of the work. To make sure that customer is satisfied. To ensure quality and safety of the work done. To ensure work is done within the specified budget. To ensure work is done within the specified time limit. To coordinate the activities of various team members to ensure that they perform right task at the right time as a cohesive group. Role Of Project Managers Planning Organizing Controlling Leading Communicating Cognitive functions Self management functions Motivational and personal development functions Customer awareness functions Organizational savvy functions Planning Defines the project objective and reaches agreement with the customer on this objective. Communicate this objective to the team members for successful accomplishment of the objective. Along with the team members development plan is prepared. Review of the plan with the customer. Project management information system is formed to compare actual progress to planned progress Organising Involves securing the appropriate resources to perform the work. Identify the various type of activities which are to be performed. Assign responsibility and delegates authority to specific individuals or sub contractors. To ensure these activities are completed within specified budget and schedule. Controlling Implements a project management information system to   compare actual progress to planned progress. Monitors the assigned tasks and regularly get data on progress, schedule and costs. Immediate actions are taken if actual progress falls behind planned progress. Along with the team members he/she decides appropriate corrective action and how to replan those parts of the project. He/she must be proactive, resolving problems before they become worse. Leading Clearly define roles, responsibilities and performance expectations. Foster collaboration among team members. Removing of obstacles that hampers team progress, readiness or effectiveness. Promotes team participation in problem solving and decision making as appropriate. Passes credit on to team, and promotes their positive visibility to upper management. Appreciates, promotes and leverages the diversity within the team. Communicating Communicate effectively with all levels inside and outside of the organizations. Negotiate fairly and effectively. Brings conflicts into the open and manages it collaboratively and productively. Able to influence without relying on coercive power or threats. Conveys of ideas and information clearly and concisely, both in writing and orally. Cognitive Functions Gathers information systematically; seeks input from several sources. Considers a broad range of issues or factors when solving problems. Collects the appropriate quantity of data for the situation before making a decision. Draws accurate conclusions from quantitative data. Makes decisions in an unbiased, objective manner using an appropriate process. Self Management Functions Maintains focus and control when faced with ambiguity and uncertainty. Shows consistency among principles, values and behavior. Resilient and tenacious in the face of pressure, opposition, constraints, or adversity. Manages implementations effectively; recognized as someone â€Å"who gets things done.† Actively seeks feedbacks and modifies behavior accordingly. Actively pursues learning and self development opportunities Motivational And Personal Development Functions Considers individual skills, values and interests when assigning or delegating tasks. Allows team members an appropriate amount of freedom to do the job. Continuously seeks and offers opportunities for personal and professional growth. Provides for training and support when needed. Gives timely, specific and constructive feedback. Customer Awareness Functions Anticipates customers needs and proactively strives to satisfy them. Accurately translates the customers verbalized wants into what they actually needs. Seeks to understand customers and their business. Actively build and maintain strong customer relationships Responsive to customers issues, concerns and queries. Actively strives to exceed customer expectations. Organizational Savvy Functions Involves the right people at the right time Understands, accepts and properly uses power and influence in relationships. Builds and leverages formal and informal networks to get things done Knows the mission, structure and functions of the organizations and others Understands profitability and general management philosophy Balances interests and needs of team/project with those of the broader organization Conclusion â€Å"The Project Manager is a key ingredient in the success of a Project. In addition to providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the Project, the manager should possess a set of skills that will both inspire the project team to succeed and win the confidence of the customer. Effective Project Managers have strong leadership ability, the ability to develop people, excellent communication skills, good inter personal skills, the ability to handle stress, problem solving skills and time management skills†.

A History of Our Planet :: Creating Writing Essays

A History of Our Planet " Serina where are you?" "Serina?" "I’m here. I was hiding." "What from?" Oh, not much, just sitting and thinking really." So, do you want to come to the beach with us?" God I remember conversations like that. Simple and easy. All we needed was a nice day and a good tan. I look back at that and long for it. Well, sometimes I do. Most of the time I don’t have the energy to remember. If I do get enough time to start to think about that kind of thing I am much more likely to just fall asleep. I guess that is what happens with responsibility, you lose time to remember who you are and what makes you happy. I guess it sounds like I am complaining but I’m not. Not really. I am much happier now. I guess I should tell the whole story. If this is for history then it should be complete. In those early days we all lived in simple beauty and happiness. We were ignorant of things beyond our own pleasure. I would spend days sitting outside and talking to friends. I would make wonderful bags, and jewelry. I loved working with the bark of the trees near my house. It gave me a real connection to nature. Well, what I thought was nature. I had lots of friends we would go to the beach and swim in the surf. I can still almost taste the bitter vinegar taste the ocean had. We never had to cover up we went wearing what was comfortable, usually nothing at all. We had no need for modesty we were all the same. Not that we looked alike but there was no sexual difference. We were all women. This paradise was perfect and uninterrupted until the day that everything went dark. I was lying in my bed and all of a sudden everything was gone. I had no idea what had happened. I couldn’t see. I couldn’t talk. I couldn’t even move my fingers. My mind was racing and all I could do was lie there. For hours I lay there like this. Eventually I began to be able to move my hands and slowly the rest of my body came to life. What I discovered as I awoke was that I was bound and wrapped in a black rubbery sheet. A History of Our Planet :: Creating Writing Essays A History of Our Planet " Serina where are you?" "Serina?" "I’m here. I was hiding." "What from?" Oh, not much, just sitting and thinking really." So, do you want to come to the beach with us?" God I remember conversations like that. Simple and easy. All we needed was a nice day and a good tan. I look back at that and long for it. Well, sometimes I do. Most of the time I don’t have the energy to remember. If I do get enough time to start to think about that kind of thing I am much more likely to just fall asleep. I guess that is what happens with responsibility, you lose time to remember who you are and what makes you happy. I guess it sounds like I am complaining but I’m not. Not really. I am much happier now. I guess I should tell the whole story. If this is for history then it should be complete. In those early days we all lived in simple beauty and happiness. We were ignorant of things beyond our own pleasure. I would spend days sitting outside and talking to friends. I would make wonderful bags, and jewelry. I loved working with the bark of the trees near my house. It gave me a real connection to nature. Well, what I thought was nature. I had lots of friends we would go to the beach and swim in the surf. I can still almost taste the bitter vinegar taste the ocean had. We never had to cover up we went wearing what was comfortable, usually nothing at all. We had no need for modesty we were all the same. Not that we looked alike but there was no sexual difference. We were all women. This paradise was perfect and uninterrupted until the day that everything went dark. I was lying in my bed and all of a sudden everything was gone. I had no idea what had happened. I couldn’t see. I couldn’t talk. I couldn’t even move my fingers. My mind was racing and all I could do was lie there. For hours I lay there like this. Eventually I began to be able to move my hands and slowly the rest of my body came to life. What I discovered as I awoke was that I was bound and wrapped in a black rubbery sheet.

Compare how a sense of claustrophobia is built up in the Handmaids Tale and an Evil Cradling

Margret Atwood's fictive autobiography ‘The Handmaid's Tale' And Brian Keenan's autobiography, ‘An Evil Cradling' documenting his kidnapping by fundamentalist Shi'ite militiamen both present a sense of claustrophobia. Each novel presents tional. strophobia Keenan' the manifestation of claustrophobia within the protagonists. ‘An Evil Cradling' presents Keenan's physical claustrophobia as a hostage and the emotional entrapment. Both authors successfully create a sense of claustrophobia whilst exploring the different situations of both protagonists. Both Offred and Keenan's lifestyles appear even more claustrophobic in contrast to their previous lives. There is an asymmetry in the presentation of a sense of claustrophobia within and between the two novels. Whilst on the one hand, both writers deal with the notion of claustrophobia as having a negative consequence on their lives. On the other hand the life of the main protagonists before their captive state is presented with considerable differences. These differences are exemplified in the opening chapters of both texts. Keenan in his exploration of life before captivity seems to suggest life was not all that tranquil and certainly not without its problems before he was taken captive in the Lebanon, where one might imagine the root of all his problems with claustrophobia began. In the preface Keenan states, â€Å"I was brought up in that harsh, divided landscape of Northern Irish, working class and I went into with all its baggage. † Furthermore he claims in his first chapter, â€Å"Before I left Belfast, I had been torn with a desperate kind of love and distaste for my place. Both statements from the two parts of Keenan's book, show that his life, as he puts it himself, was a type of ‘cul-de-sac. ‘ This metaphor for a dead-end shows that Keenan was no more free in his native Ireland, so much that he was forced to seek mental comfort elsewhere. The entire opening chapter of an evil cradling highlights Keenan's disconnection with his country and how he felt trapped and a sense of c laustrophobia in a place so familiar to him. Contrastingly, Atwood presents her protagonist as having a far more affectionate, possibly ‘rose tinted' view on her life before taken into captivity. In Atwood's ‘A Handmaid's Tale' Offred conveys a large amount of nostalgia towards her past. In the opening chapter Atwood contrasts the senses of the past. The lights are vividly described as â€Å"a revolving ball of mirrors, powdering the dancers with a snow of light. † Atwood chooses this poetic metaphor to show her fondness towards previous times. Atwood describes the simplicity of the lights under the regime â€Å"The lights were turned down but not out. † Offred's feelings of extreme claustrophobia are exacerbated through the juxtaposition of the former senses. In Offred's case she is more sensitive towards these feelings of freedom. Offred is a victim of gradual entrapment that has been apparent in her society for many years; chapter 28 reveals the gradual oppression of women â€Å"Things continued in that state of suspended animation for weeks†¦ Newspapers were censored†¦ roadblocks began to appear, and identipasses†¦ † by stripping women of their political and social rights the Gileadean regime came to power. Offred uses listing to highlight the continuous changes in society, specifically directed at women, showing her own shock and resentment towards her gradual confinement. Offred does not only demonstrate nostalgia towards her past in the opening chapters. Atwood constantly uses similes throughout that are reminiscent of the past. These similes present an escape from the routine regime; they often involve the senses which allow Offred to escape the regime by remembering and juxtaposing elements and senses of the past. † It's almost like June,† Offred shifts in mental perspective via association of seasons, Offred's memories of the seasons are superimposed over Gilead's charade of normality, it is as though Offred escapes into her own private narrative underneath her imprisonment as a handmaid her recollections act as freedom from the past. Both Offred and Keenan's sense of claustrophobia is intensified by the way that their human rights are no longer recognised and they have no freedom of choice. Keenan's beard is used in ‘The Devil's Barbershop' to symbolise his dignity and freedom of choice. Keenan is very reluctant to have his beard shaved off; his behaviour becomes the manifestation of claustrophobia. He becomes attached to his beard and it symbolises his freedom of expression, â€Å"I've had this beard for too long for some halfwit who thinks he owns me to make me what he wants me to be. Throughout this passage Keenan uses long sentences that highlight his heightened emotions, Keenan's aggressive tone towards his captors also shows his reluctance to change, Keenan's identity is displayed through his beard and similarly to Offred he is being made to conform and accept his claustrophobic surroundings. In â€Å"The Handmaid's Tale† Offred is defined by her uniform, and looses her previous identity. This expresses that in Gilead their lives have become so claustrophobic that even their ability to express themselves has been repressed. Offred feels trapped in a system which rigidly controls women. The colour coding of women's clothes indicates that in this society their individual identities are lost in prescribed roles. â€Å"Everything except the wings around my face is red: the colour of blood, which defines us†¦ a sister, dipped in blood. † Atwood uses this negative metaphor to highlight Offred's feelings towards loosing her individuality. Offred's uniform in addition acts as a physical restriction, â€Å"The white wings†¦ they are to keep us from seeing, but also from being seen. It is made apparent that their clothes are also a way of physically restricting them as way of control, deliberately designed to limit the Handmaids view. The blood red is a constant reminder of the vilification of women in Giliadean society. ‘Blood red' is symbolised throughout the novel and acts as a constant reminder to Offred's role in society, although her role as a child barer allows her more freedom unde r the regime it is also the one thing that traps her. The description of the characters' surroundings and routines present a sense of claustrophobia, Offred's account of going out and doing the daily shopping illustrates this. Under the Gileadaen regime the Handmaids never went out unaccompanied, this partnership system provided both chaperones and spies. Offred considers the image of both women dressed identically in red, thinking of them as doubles, both visually and in circumstances. â€Å"The truth is that she is my spy, as I am hers. † Each woman traps the other. However, a suggestion of freedom is present in the structure of the two novels. For Keenan, his ability to let his mind wander in times of extreme captivity has been vital to his survival. Keenan changes tenses abruptly, from describing the cell, to a present time, showing the way in which his mind jumps, to escape his present situation. However, in â€Å"Into the Bread Basket† Keenan's senses were shut down by the â€Å"tight confinement of the tape† which â€Å"will not let my mind escape. † Now that even his mind cannot escape he feels as if a â€Å"riot is bursting out within my senses† which further reflects how his repressed senses are desperate to escape the confinement, without his freedom of mind Keenan finds himself completely trapped. Correspondingly, Offred is able to escape into her private world of memory and desire. Offred uses storytelling as a means of personal survival her narrative is the only way of bridging the gap between an isolated self and the world outside. â€Å"It is also a story I am telling, in my head, as I go along. † Offred is able to escape the intense feelings of claustrophobia through expressing her feelings. Atwood chooses short sentences to emulate the natural nature of speech resulting in a flowing structure. Fear plays a main role in increasing the sense of physical claustrophobia experienced by both Keenan and Offred. In ‘into the bread basket' Keenan uses imagery that creates associations with death â€Å"I am being embalmed and mummified† and â€Å"I am going back to the coffin. † This demonstrates how in such claustrophobic conditions where all his senses have been effectively shut off he is completely helpless and that in these cramped dark conditions the difference between life and death becomes uncertain. Keenan carries on this extended metaphor in the oxymoron â€Å"a living corpse† this again reflects the negative experience of being in such claustrophobic conditions. Finally, both authors have used literary and structural techniques to reveal the many ways in which claustrophobia can be created and intensified. Although the two protagonists' situations are very different, as Offred lives a controlled and limited life and Keenan one of absolute entrapment they show many similar traits and emotions triggered from their individual feelings of claustrophobia.

Quiet Hero

Adel Torres Professor: De Palo December 8, 2012 Quiet Hero’s Crisis Intervention & Trauma Treatment 3:30pm – 5:20pm Quiet Hero: Secrets from my Father’s Past, written by Rita Cosby, is a story of war, a story of courage, and a story of a daughter finally getting to know her father. In this book, Rita speaks about her father’s childhood as well as her own; the difficulties she faced growing up with a strict father whom she felt she barely knew. Rita grew up in Greenwich Connecticut, with her Danish mother and her Polish father; a father she had a distant and unemotional relationship with.Growing up Rita knew very little about her father. She only knew that he had left Poland after WWII. When Rita was about eight years old, she saw that her father had scars on his back. When she build up the courage to ask what happened, her mother expressed to her that those were not questions she should be asking. Rita learned never to ask questions of her father’s past. When Rita was a teenager her father left her and her mother to start a new life. She had not spoken to her father in years. Rita began to discover who her father was years after her mother’s passing.In 2008, when she finally got the courage to look through her mother belongings, she came across a tattered, old suitcase. In the suit case Rita found a worn Polish-resistance armband, a rusted tag with a prisoner number, and an identity card from ex-POW named Ruszard Kossobudzki. After doing research on what she had found, she contacted her father and was ready to hear the truth of the life he had lived. Having her father see the items in the suit case instantly brought back many memories for her father which were visible in his eyes.At the age of eighty- four he was finally giving Rita what she longed for, an opportunity to know who Richard Cosby or better yet who Ruszard Kossobudzki was. Little by little Rita’s father began to disclose his life story and all the ho rrors he witnessed and endured while growing up. Rita’s father spoke of the last time he saw his family and of the last words that his mother said to him. He also spoke of a chain that his mother gave him because she believed it would protect him. Ironically enough, that chain would end up saving his life from a bullet.He left his family to join the Resistance during the Warsaw uprising, to fight for his country. The first time he fought for Poland was on August 1, 1944. Before joining the Resistance, Rita’s father was involved in the Young Eagles. At this camp young boys were taught to fight and survive combat. Mr. Cosby was about 10 to 13 years old when he was a part of the Young Eagles. This is where Mr. Cosby met an important man and mentor in his life; Lieutenant Stan. At the age of thirteen he had seen his hometown destroyed by the Germans.After being nearly fatally wounded by shrapnel, he was taken into captivity by the Germans and sent to a German POW camp near Dresden. This happened after he spent some time in a hospital. Once the rest of Poland was occupied, he was placed on a train and sent on his way to the German Camp. He was so injured that there was nothing he could do. After spending months in the camp and weighing in at about 90 pounds, he and a few prisoners decided to escape after planes started to drop bombs around the camp. The Germans were being attacked. Rita’s father and some prisoners thought this was the best time to escape.They escaped from the camp through the sewers. After a difficult journey they ended up near a camp that was set up by American Troops and they were rescued. When he arrived in America he met Rita’s mother and began a new life. These events happened to him while he was still in his teenage years. After hearing her father’s story Rita felt closer to her father. She came to understand the man she grew up with and understood his characteristics. Rita was able to arrange for her father to visit Poland and the camp where he was held prisoner. Through her journey with her father, Rita discovered that her father was a true hero.This book touched me profoundly. I grew up without my father and met him when I was 20 years old. Meeting him was very challenging for me because I was consumed with so much anger and I blamed him for not being there for me. In reading this book I am able to realize that we do not always get to choose the path we walk down and sometimes life’s circumstances shape the people we become, for better or worse. This book has made me want to give my own father a chance to explain to me what his life has been like, so that I might have a better understanding of who he is.As I continue my journey through school, I am better able to assess individuals and situations and have a level of empathy without being judgmental. As children we often feel like we know who our parents are but there are so many unanswered questions and hidden lives that it m akes it difficult for children to relate to their parents. Each of our paths has impacted us in both negative or positive ways and being able to understand that this affects the decisions that we make can make unpleasant situations a bit easier to digest.Seeing how Rita felt closer to her father as an adult once she got to know him, makes me feel like there is still hope for my father and I. If Rita’s father would have received help for the trauma he had gone through I believe he could have been a better father to Rita while she was growing up. Untreated trauma can affect a family on so many levels and negatively affect relationships with children, caregivers, partners, etc. , which in turn continues the cycle of trauma. If there is anything I take away the most from this text, it would be not to judge a book by its cover; one can never know the life that a person has lived.

Lester Beall essays

Lester Beall essays Lester Beall was one of the most prolific and influential designers of the early to mid-twentieth century. Philip Meggs in his A History of Graphic Design, credits Beall with "almost single-handedly launching the Modern movement in American design." He changed the way graphic design was perceived by people both involved in and outside of the profession. Beall felt that designing something simply to make it visually appealing was j ust not good enough; that design had the higher purpose of being a means to an end, an instrument of communication. He was quoted as saying that the designer "must work with one goal in mind-to integrate the elements in such a manner that they will combine to produce a result that will convey not merely a static commercial message, but an emotional reaction as well. If we can produce the kind of art which harnesses the power of the human instinct for that harmony of form, beauty and cleanness that seems inevitable when you see it... then I think we may be doing a job for our clients." He graduated from the University of Chicago with a bachelors degree in Art History, but as a designer, he was mostly self taught. The influence of European Avant Garde and Bauhaus artists and designers such as Herbert Bayer, El Lissitzky, and Lazlo Moholy-Nagy is obvious in the bright, flat colors and dynamic placement of geometric elements seen in most of his work. This philosophy is most evident in the series of posters Beall did for the U. S. government between 1937 and 1941, especially those for the Rural Electrification Administration, which were designed to encourage rural residents to electrify their homes. The posters display examples of the basic needs of daily rural life, such as light, running water for laundry, farm work, and radio communication stated simply and quietly in slab typefaces and represented by a silhouetted graphic image. This would usually be depicted resting on a flat horizon with brigh...

development geography essays

development geography essays Using a variety of contemporary geographic issues, discuss how they are related to the levels of development in nations that you have studied. The reasons for high or low development within any nation directly relates to an assortment of geographic issues. These can include things such as the changes to social and political power within a nation, peoples access to housing and employment, and the environmental quality in which the nation is surrounded. Environmental quality refers to the condition of a countrys environment and its ability to continue to support the population. It is for this reason that we regard environmental quality as an indicator of the development of a country, i.e. the more polluted the environment, the less developed the nation. In many developing countries, poverty forces farmers to overgraze land and also to deforest vast areas for fuel wood. Also, poverty spreads disease by depriving communities of clean water and adequate sanitation. Even where poverty is less extreme, lack of technology for disposing of industrial pollution or improving energy efficiency results in wasted resources and generates environmental damage. Pakistan has about 25 million ha of arable land. About 0.4 million ha is lost every year due to salinity and water logging. If these rates continue then by 2050 there will be no farmland left in Pakistan and Pakistans population will have doubled to 180 million people. In developed countries however, technology is so much more accessible and it provides us with an immense amount of material goods and comforts yet fouls our air with pollutants, generates hazardous wastes and creates enormous demands for energy. The United States, with one of the highest GNPs (Gross National Product) in the world, spends a very small part of its GNP on the environment. The quality of life of the population is affected as a result; for example, 30 000 people are thought t...

Doctor-assited suicide should be legalized for the terminally ill Research Paper - 1

Doctor-assited suicide should be legalized for the terminally ill - Research Paper Example Across the globe doctors, legal authorities, religious leaders, relatives of patients in critical conditions and patients battling for life themselves are concerned about the issue about of doctor-assisted suicide. Whether or not doctor-assisted suicide can ever be justified as a compassionate response towards the voluntary elimination of a person’s life is a major source of concern in today’s world. Generally, euthanasia has been termed as a process of ‘assisted suicide’ upon someone who is under severe medical conditions and the probability of survival is almost zero. This is a reason why euthanasia has also been tagged as a form of mercy killing for the benefit of the patients themselves. Many individuals believe that life is a very sacred and gifted thing and by taking it away it can be tagged as murder, other people, however have different views. They believe that a person’s life is his own and he/she has the right to do whatever he/she wants wi th their life, even if it calls for termination (1). The name Terri Schiavo should ring a bell in every person’s mind. It has been the most renowned cases in the history of America regarding doctor-assisted suicide. Teri, at the age of 26 was diagnosed with a neurological condition called PVS also known as the persistent vegetative state according to which she was practically brain dead. Teri’s parents fought against her husband and were adamant to let her live on the feeding tube even though she was in a vegetative state. The husband, however, stated that Teri would not want to survive in this condition and that pulling the plug is the best solution to all the pain and suffering she is being put through (2). More than a decade, the patient was fed through feeding tube and was on bed. After a furious battle in the court since 1998, Pasco-Pinellas Circuit Judge in Florida ordered the feeding tube to be removed on the 18th of March 2005

Due process and the Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Due process and the Rule of Law - Essay Example As Mapara points out, the rule of law can be stated as a legal maxim whereby government is required to make decisions on the ground of known legal principles. A government that operates under the rule of law can be called as a nomocracy. When a government hurts interests of a person without considering the exact law practices, the situation constitutes the violation of due process and the rule of law. It must be noted that the administrative due process is different from judicial due process. Administrative due process is mainly used to make decision related to administrative discharges. The opportunity to be heard is the main focus of the administrative due process. This process is applied to protect individual rights. As Dropkin and McComas point out, the major aim of the federal due process is to protect fundamental conceptions of justice; and as per the provisions of the federal due process, states need to respect and comply with their communities’ accepted norms and belie fs. 2. Regulation as a Policy Option Regulations which are brought in by the state are usually attempts to bring about certain outcomes which might not be obtained otherwise or to prevent certain undesired outcomes. For example, a regulation may be made by the government to check foreign direct investment that may inversely affect domestic manufacturers. The common definition given to regulation as such is: ‘an administrative decision that imparts rights and assigns responsibilities’ (OECD). Much of the regulations in the United States are administered and enforced by regulatory agencies. Regulations are the best option in forming policies for a country, because together with the rights enjoyed by a citizen, there are certain duties entitled to perform. Regulations thus become essential as a policy option, because together with providing the rights, they also allocate certain duties to the citizen. Along with this, regulations become handy in attaining some specific tar gets or to make certain services available to the citizens. According to Swisher, The policy formed to reduce carbon and fossil fuel emission stand as a model in this scenario; which measures that the macroeconomic models comply with the evaluation with respect to its impact on the energy system and introduces carbon taxes (Para 7). Such regulations come effective under circumstances like increasing commodity prices, matters related to wages, employment, standards of production, military proceedings etc. There are numerous possibilities that the social or economic conditions in the country taking up an undesired phase and the ability of the legislature to form regulations become extremely important under such circumstances. Regulations on liberalization, privatisation, globalisation etc found in many world countries are examples in this regard. 3. Legislative Oversight over Regulatory Agencies The capacity of legislatures to indulge in the process of lawmaking has been enhanced duri ng the last three decades. Legislatures stand as an independent assembly, and have assumed a greater responsibility in mandating laws. Legislative oversight, often referred as congressional oversight denotes the supervision of policy implementation. There are a number of federal agencies through which the policies formulated by the Congress are implemented. If the Congress is dissatisfied with an agency, it can react in various ways. Laws can be passed to overrule their decisions or to confine their jurisdictions. For example, as Kaiser, Oleszekc and Taleman point out,

Laws Regarding Freedom of Expression Research Paper

Laws Regarding Freedom of Expression - Research Paper Example   It is evidently clear from the discussion that the international law provides a three-part test that is useful in assessing limits on freedom of expression. On various occasions, the international courts responsible for overseeing international human right treaties have elaborated the three-part test through judgments. In addition, national courts have also been useful in elaborating the exact meaning of the test for limitation of freedom  of expression. The right to freedom of expression is assured in exact terms by the article 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, and the article 19 (2) of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The three regional human rights treaties; the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the European Convention on Human rights give an assurance for freedom of expression on Articles 13, 9, and 10 respectively. There is no doubt that the right to freedom of expression is of great importance. During the first session of the United Nations General Assembly, it was made clear that the freedom of information is an essential human right. In addition, t was made clear that the right forms the basis of all the other rights. Laws regarding freedom of expression Regional court, national courts, and other related organizations across the world have reaffirmed that indeed the freedom of information is the foundation of all other rights. The Inter-American court of human rights has pointed out that freedom of expression forms the foundation for the existence of a democratic society. The other reaffirmation is from the European Court human rights, which points out that the freedom of expression forms an essential foundation for democratic societies. It further goes on to state that the right is among the basic conditions that are necessary for its development and that of human beings. The African Commission on Human and peoples’ rights points out that Ar ticle 9 is an indication that freedom of expression remains a basic human right. It further adds that the right is essential for personal development, individual political consciousness, and engaging in the performance of public affairs in the home country. One notable fact is that freedom of expression is not complete, and there are limitations to it provided by every system of law. The Article 19(3) of the ICCPR stipulates that limitations to the right to freedom of expression should be on grounds of respect of the rights or status of others. The other provision is on the grounds of protecting the national security, maintaining public order or protecting public health. International assurances on the right to freedom of expression have several essential features. To begin with, opinions are completely protected by Article 19(1) of the ICCPR. This implies that it is allowed to think evil, but giving expressions on evil thoughts warrants a sanction. The right to freedom of expressio n is for everyone. Therefore, it must be protected without any discrimination on the basis of gender, race, religion, color, language, political or factors that may lead to discrimination. The right also applies to ideas and information of any kind so long as the ideas or information may be communicated. The right also takes into consideration factually incorrect statements and opinions that seem to lack merit or offensive statements.

Defining Hot Spots As a Crime Analyst Coursework

Defining Hot Spots As a Crime Analyst - Coursework Example Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 10) explains that are identified areas on a map that are characterized by a high intensity of crime. These areas are developed so that analysts and researchers can examine the identified geographic areas, in relation to crime. The crime hotspot is a geographical analysis. It is developed basing on the crime pin maps of a reported criminal events, over a given period of time. Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 13) maintains that crime hotspots can vary. It can either be a small building, within a certain location, or even a certain locality within a community. However, the occurrence of crime must be persistent, for at least one year. Theorists and researchers normally examine the development of crime hotspots, and the reasons as to why crime is prevalent in these hotspots. Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 9) explains that coming up with a map that identifies certain hotspot is an influential and critical tool of policing. This is because they provide an understanding and knowledge of different areas within a town, and on how best to secure these areas. Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 22) believes that by identifying small areas where crime is prone, their would be a reduction of crime rates within the country. This is because the police would concentrate in these tiny areas leading to a reduction in the overall rates of crime. There exist three major types of crime hot spots, namely, crime generators, crime attractors, and crime enablers. Crime generators are physical places whereby large numbers of people gather for purposes that are not related to crime (Chainey and Ratcliffe, 2006, p.10). These areas provide an opportunity for criminals and offenders to engage in a crime or a disorder. Examples of crime generators include transportation hubs, shopping malls, sporting events, and festivals. Examples of criminal activities that these places are

H.W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

H.W - Essay Example Despite there being so much noise, college education is a worthwhile investment which every person with the necessary passion and ability should strive to acquire. It has been proven to be true and is also a well known fact that graduates from college make more money than their high school peers. A research survey done by The Hamilton Project in October 2012 proved that the returns emanating from college are much better and higher than those from any other investment such as bonds, stocks or real estate. It was further discovered that the returns from college have continuously been constant for the past three and half decades. This demonstrates that the rising cost has effectively been offset by the gains derived by degree holders. For instance a young graduate from college took home $4,000 more every year in the ‘80s (with inflation adjusted), than someone of the same age without a degree. This figure has risen to $12,000 every year over the past 3 decades (Greenstone &Looney, 2012). Even though there is solid evidence regarding the lifetime worth of higher education, skeptics are alarmingly pointing to increasing cost to strengthen their argument that college is no good investment as it once was. It is of course correct that over the years ,there has been almost 50% rise in college cost(calculations courtesy of National Center for Education Statistics),which could be an overstatement, since this increase in tuition ignores recent financial aid increments. Thus even if the sticker cost of college may have increased, it is not clear to what extent the cost to students as well as their parents or guardians. College Board certifies that the actual cost of a college degree has remained considerably constant over the past one and half decades. This therefore means that investing in a 4 year degree still continues to be a worthwhile undertaking for the average person. Statistics from the US workers indicate that there are numerous benefits

Analysis the case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis the case - Essay Example companies do not care about their customers, it was noted that there were tires that were believed to be faulty, were supposed to be examined for safety only to be later passed as good for use under unclear circumstances. The ford company also stated that it was an issue with the tires, and that they had insisted on low pressure on these tires. The pressure recommended by firestone and ford on these tires differed. Both the Ford and the Firestone Company are not responsible in social ways as they differ on this issue of the recommended tires pressure, in addition, instead of soling the issue at hand, all they do comprises of pointing fingers at each other thus putting the consumer at a higher risk (Case 24 687). Both the Ford and Firestone are at fault in this situation, firestone should not have installed the tires that were in question to Ford trucks; on the other hand, the Ford Company should have made it clear on the recommended pressure of Firestone tires. The firestone name has ruined its reputation, so is the Ford trucks, the number of lives lost in this accident is not something to go away easily. Firestone has the responsibility of paying ford that money as they replaced these tires with their own funds, however, it would be much more important to find a solution to this type/truck issue as the safety of human beings cannot be compensated with money. Currently, the ford trucks have changed their tires from firestone, however the vehicles keep on rolling in most occasions, and therefore one cannot put all the blame on the firestone tors in these incidences (Case 24

Defining Hot Spots As a Crime Analyst Coursework

Defining Hot Spots As a Crime Analyst - Coursework Example Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 10) explains that are identified areas on a map that are characterized by a high intensity of crime. These areas are developed so that analysts and researchers can examine the identified geographic areas, in relation to crime. The crime hotspot is a geographical analysis. It is developed basing on the crime pin maps of a reported criminal events, over a given period of time. Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 13) maintains that crime hotspots can vary. It can either be a small building, within a certain location, or even a certain locality within a community. However, the occurrence of crime must be persistent, for at least one year. Theorists and researchers normally examine the development of crime hotspots, and the reasons as to why crime is prevalent in these hotspots. Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 9) explains that coming up with a map that identifies certain hotspot is an influential and critical tool of policing. This is because they provide an understanding and knowledge of different areas within a town, and on how best to secure these areas. Chainey and Ratcliffe (2006, p. 22) believes that by identifying small areas where crime is prone, their would be a reduction of crime rates within the country. This is because the police would concentrate in these tiny areas leading to a reduction in the overall rates of crime. There exist three major types of crime hot spots, namely, crime generators, crime attractors, and crime enablers. Crime generators are physical places whereby large numbers of people gather for purposes that are not related to crime (Chainey and Ratcliffe, 2006, p.10). These areas provide an opportunity for criminals and offenders to engage in a crime or a disorder. Examples of crime generators include transportation hubs, shopping malls, sporting events, and festivals. Examples of criminal activities that these places are

Analysis the case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis the case - Essay Example companies do not care about their customers, it was noted that there were tires that were believed to be faulty, were supposed to be examined for safety only to be later passed as good for use under unclear circumstances. The ford company also stated that it was an issue with the tires, and that they had insisted on low pressure on these tires. The pressure recommended by firestone and ford on these tires differed. Both the Ford and the Firestone Company are not responsible in social ways as they differ on this issue of the recommended tires pressure, in addition, instead of soling the issue at hand, all they do comprises of pointing fingers at each other thus putting the consumer at a higher risk (Case 24 687). Both the Ford and Firestone are at fault in this situation, firestone should not have installed the tires that were in question to Ford trucks; on the other hand, the Ford Company should have made it clear on the recommended pressure of Firestone tires. The firestone name has ruined its reputation, so is the Ford trucks, the number of lives lost in this accident is not something to go away easily. Firestone has the responsibility of paying ford that money as they replaced these tires with their own funds, however, it would be much more important to find a solution to this type/truck issue as the safety of human beings cannot be compensated with money. Currently, the ford trucks have changed their tires from firestone, however the vehicles keep on rolling in most occasions, and therefore one cannot put all the blame on the firestone tors in these incidences (Case 24

The Cuases, Effects, and Prevention of Homophobia in America Essay Example for Free

The Cuases, Effects, and Prevention of Homophobia in America Essay Homophobia is an immense issue in todays society, but especially in America. The completely irrational prejudices against the community of this country is on the rise. This is due to a number of causes of which we as the American people have the ability to change. We must closely exam the causes and the effects of homophobia in America to completely understand why and where this is still occurring in modern day society and how it may be further prevented. Homosexuality has existed as long as humanity itself, and with homosexuality always seems homophobia, or the completely extreme and irrational fear or aversion to homosexuality and homosexual people, is sure to exist. This prejudice against homosexuals has been in one way or another shown to exist in almost every culture and society, although some cultures have come to coexist with the gay community in harmony, others how ever still have much work to do in the stride for equal rights and lack of discrimination for the gay population in their countries. Of these countries most are found in the Middle Eastern regions, in places like Africa, Egypt, and Iran homosexuality is a felony, and in many cases will have one either imprisoned or killed. It is in a way expected that these countries would oppose homosexuality so strongly, due to their strong Islamic traditions. But a country that it would not seem irrational to think would be more open to the gay population is the United States of America, but this is not true. Homosexuals might not be stoned to death in the streets of America, but they also don’t have the options of freedom and rights those in Europe have either. According to statistics, nearly half of America still has a strong opposition or hatred toward this community, as a country America needs to realize how absurd this completely irrational prejudice is and how much of a waste of it really is. As a country we should fight to stop homophobia in its tracks. Homophobia has really existed, but when did it really start occurring in the U. S.? The term homophobia was coined in 1967 by Wainwright Churchill in his study on the habits and lifestyles of gay men in America. Ever since then, it seems the term has stuck, even if it is used in the wrong context. The term left the scene of American society for around 20 years or so, but resurfaced much, much stronger with the global AIDS pandemic in the 1980s, gays across the globe were targets of severe and irrational beliefs that AIDS was a â€Å"gay mans disease†. Such beliefs of course are highly illogical, but that does not stop them from spreading like the disease its’ self. This stereotype can still be seen in todays supposidly more liberal modern society. Such stereotypes fuel the continued occurrence of homophobia, especially in the U. S. , which in return keeps the continues cycle of hate and prejudice going. The issues that stem from homophobia are numerous and far and in-between, but many are huge and obvious issues that America as a whole could change if its’ people really wanted to. Of the many prejudices against the gay population, it stands no more obvious anywhere else than in equal rights, rights that all Americans deserve. The discrimination of housing, employment, and equal marriage rights, all must be stopped. America is singling out a â€Å"minority† with in it’s borders, and that is wrong, the â€Å"land of the free† is showing a severe hypocritical, and bigoted side that no one should ever see occur. What is really the core cause of all the negative energy toward Americas gay community? Of the many things that cause homophobia in America, government would not be expected, but it is true to say that government is where most of the negative energy toward the gay community stems from. The American government is supposed to support it’s people as a whole, in an equal unbiased manner. If this is true, why is the government putting such restrictions like the ban on same-sex marriage on the gay community? This is a direct contradiction to the qualities America is built on, this isnt freedom for all of its’ people, it is freedom for those who are stereotypically perceived as â€Å"normal† by a bigoted, ignorant society that is intolerant of difference. America’s government is tainted with people thinking in this mindset, especially among the republican party. Politicians are openly allowed to â€Å"smear† the gay community with their extremely bigoted comments, and have recently succeeded in allowing others to freely do so also. In the state of Michigan, republicans have managed to pass bill 137, a bill that promotes bullying. One has to think twice to really absorb that the state has actually done such an absurd thing. In this bill it is now okay to freely and openly express ones feelings towards another, harass, bully, what ever it is they want, as long as they can support their claims with a moral or religious view. This is of course a horrendous and stupid idea. After the bill was successfully passed, Senate Minority Leader Gretchen Whitmer (D-East Lansing), took to the floor of the Senate to voice her outrage at the amended language and the danger of the exemptions: â€Å"Here oday you claim to be protecting kids and youre actually putting them in more danger. But bullying is not OK. We should be protecting public policy that protects kids,? all kids, from bullies,? all bullies. But instead you have set us back further by creating a blueprint for bullying. Shockingly, Senate Bill 137 will do more harm than good. Senate Republicans left our students behind in favor of partisan politics and passed a bill that actually allows more bullying. Students and parents expect lawmakers to lead the charge against bullying, but instead Republicans made ideology more important than school safety. Research clearly shows that only states with enumerated bills see a reduction in bullying. We need a bill that mentions the most affected populations and requires statewide reporting of bullying and harassment. Senate Bill 137 simply does nothing to reduce bullying in our schools. † â€Å"But the saddest and sickest irony of all, is that the bill was named â€Å"Matt’s Safe School Law,† after Matt Epling, a 14-year-old East Lansing student who committed suicide in 2002 after being repeatedly bullied in school†. As Senator Whitmer has made clear, this unrelentless bullying must be put to a stop, not promoted like it currently is in American government and society. Government and it’s views are corrupt, so corrupt that it will not function as it should in the goal of protecting it’s citizens and their well deserved rights. It is known government spreads the ideas of homophobia, but where is the homophobia in American government stemming from? The answer lies within the religious institution that runs most of America, the religion it was founded on, Christianity. Christianity is the largest practiced religion in the world, with such a hopeful message of salvation and a forgiving and loving God it is no surprise this is true. Their teachings have a message that â€Å"God so loved the world that he sent his one and only son and those who believes in him and that those who accept him as their one and only savior shall have everlasting life† (John 3:16). With such message of love and equality toward all of humanity, why is it that this religion that is supposed to spread this message of love and hope, actually in some areas spreading the hatred of some and especially the promotion of homophobia? The reason is there are many bigoted, hypocritical, and of all things homophobic pastors that tell sermons spewing with bigotry, manipulated to convey the thoughts of negativity towards the gay community in America. It seems the congregations that hear these so called â€Å"sermons† are nieve beyond recognition. Why is it that the general public has lost all of its common sense listening to seemingly false sermons preeching the hatred and intolerance of a minority? Of the few verses that mention homosexuality in the holy bible, one is more than any other, that verse is Leviticus 20:13. â€Å"If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads†. This verse is said to directly quote homosexuality as a sin, but this is not so. In the verse listed above it is talking about the Canaanites laws, not God’s, it is prosecuting the Canaanites sexual cult rituals involving male prostitutes, not gay men in commited relationships. The severe unwillingness to let one think for themselves has allowed this verse to be repeatedly misinterpreted to the point where it is thought to be the absolute truth. Thus encouraging the U. S. Media and society to, in it’s thoughts, rightly denounce or discriminate against the gay population. Since media is a strong driving force of information and individual opinions in the U. S. , especially to many nieve people, it in not unrealistic to think that media is of a big influence on homophobia in America. All this talk about the causes of homophobia is sure to have one wondering how it effects the actual gay individual or gay community. Ask any gay person and they will more than likely say that homophobia has been or is a serious and hurtful problem, but just how does it really affect them? Homophobia has many, many negative affects on gays, many of which they have no control of what so ever. Among these many affects, the one that is seen to occur the most is the strongly held negative attitudes that the American public has on their lives. Gay people are discriminated against everyday in the U. S. , and sometimes even almost every day of their lives. They are verbal harassed in the workplace, at school, or even out in public in general. Severe prejudice against the homosexual orientation is seen to be extremely common and more hostile around highschool students and young adults, these young gay people must combat and suffer what their peers say to them on a daily basis, whether said to their face or not, it still has severe psychological effects on a person. â€Å"Prejudice and discrimination have social and personal impact. On an individual level, such prejudice and discrimination may also have negative consequences, especially if gay people attempt to conceal or deny their sexual orientation. Although many gay people learn to cope with the social stigma against homosexuality, this pattern of prejudice can have serious negative effects on health and well-being. This treatment to which gays are subjected to has significant mental health concerns. This also amounts to a great amount of stress, although social support is crucial in coping with stress, antigay attitudes and discrimination may make it difficult for gay people to find such support. (American Psychological Association 2) As it was said above, being gay adds a considerable amount of stress to ones life, sterotype upon stereotype upon stereotype are thrown at them, and they have to attempt to cope with it and get on with life. Although this may work for some, for others the stress leads to other serious problems, problems such as constant or severe depression, suicidal thoughts, and even more stress. Feeling suicidal is never a good situation, and it is shown to be four times as likely that gay people, specifically men, attempt to kill themselves or actually do kill themselves. Recently there has been a tremendous jump in the amount of suicides of gay people, all where high school or college age, and where harassed about their sexual orientation until it was unbearable. This shows that the pressures on gays is increasing steadily and is becoming more consistant in it’s effects it has on the individual. Among the many people in the American gay population many are subjected to violent accounts of homphobia that usually has them physically assaulted. These horrific events are aptly named â€Å"gay bashings†. One would like to say that this does not happen much in America as much as people say it does, one also cannot deny or ignore their occurrences either. The victims of these viscious attacks are almost always very badly injured and usually in the hospital for quite some time, many do not even make it to the hospital. Often times after these attacks are over and the suspects have been apprehended, they are hit with a lighter sentence than they actually deserve. Instead of being charged with a hate crime, they often get of easy with counts of assault. This is a major let down of our governments purpose, our government really drops the ball here. The reason we have government is to defend America’s citizens, and that is not happening when â€Å"gay bashers† are let of the hook that easily. This, in many cases can be seen as a hate crime due the recurring fashion of the attacks and in the sense that these people being attacked are targeted directly due to their sexual orientation. Things like this must be further and more thoroughly prevented in America, no gay person should be afraid of being assaulted whenever they go out into public, this must come to an end. As a nation America needs to stop pretending it is not a problem and open it’s eyes and realized what it is letting happen way too often. American society and culture needs to learn to that not every body is the same and needs to learn to be tolerant of differences. One way people could be aware and start prevention of all these many issues discussed is gay people should learn that even though society disaproves, that there is nothing wrong with who they are, they are born that way and cant change so have to learn to live with it. Heterosexual people who wish to stop homophobia in it’s tracks need to examine their response to antigay stereotypes and prejudice, they can make a point of coming to know gay people and realizing that they are human too. They should go hand in hand with the gay community against the fight of homophobia in America, heterosexuals are often in a good position to point out to other heterosexual people how irrational their homophobia can be. Studies of prejudice, including prejudice against gay people, consistently shows that prejudice declines when members of the majority group interact with members of a minority group interact wiht members of a minority group. In keeping wiht this general pattern, one of the most powerful influences on heterosexuals’ acceptances of gay people is having personal contact with an openly gay person. Antigay attitudes are far less common amoung members of the population who have a close family member or friend who is gay, especially if the gay person has been directly open about their sexual orientation toward the heterosexual person. These are of the many examples of how Americans CAN change their view on homosexuality. The causes of homophobia through the church, government, and media are known, and the effects these things have on the gay community can be seen. It is not until The United States of America realizes that these all have underlying problems and are a part of the bigger picture, can homophobia be further and better prevented in America.

Fractional Distillation Process To Separate Organic Liquids

Fractional Distillation Process To Separate Organic Liquids Distillation is a very useful method of purifiying liquids. Simple distillation is used when a pure solvent is required to be obtained from the solution. This is usually water. On the other hand, fractional distilation is basically used for the separation of a mixture of two miscible organic liquids having different boiling points. A common example of two liquids that mix with each other are ethanol and water. Another example is petrol and paraffin. In this experiment, a mixture of acetone and toluene was provided. Basically, the liquid mixture was boiled to evaporate the liquid that had the lowest boiling point, referred to as the first fraction. The vapour passed up through a fractionating column, which is not used in a simple distillation. As the mixture vaopur passed up the fractionating column, it continually condensed and evaporated. This caused it to become increasingly richer in the liquid with the lowest boiling point until the vapour that reached the top consisted almost entirely of the component with the lowest boiling point. The vapour is then cooled in the condenser and so it condensed back to a liquid, which was collected, hence referred to as the distillate. When almost all the liquid with the lowest boiling point was distilled over, the temperature rised rapidly showing that a mixture of both liquids was distilling over. This should be collected in a separate container and discarded. Once the temperature reached the boiling point of the second liquid, the liquid was then distilled into another container. This basically explained the process of fractional distillation. However, there is a theory behind all this, because the process of distillation should be related in reference to an ideal liquid mixture where one is more volatile than the other. Regarding the mixture of acetone/toluene provided in this experiment, ideal behaviour was assumed and once the process was carried out, the more volatile liquid was found by finding the boiling point of each component. It was noted that the more volatile liquid was acetone since this had a lower boiling point. This was discussed further in relation to boiling point-composition graphs. 2. Method 2.1 Chemicals used Reagent: Grade: Manufacturer: Acetone GPR BDH Toluene GPR Merck 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine GPR Riedel de Haem Sodium hydroxide GPR Tinstar Iodine GPR BDH Dioxane GPR Aldrich A mixture of acteone (BDH, GPR) and toluene (Merck, GPR). 2.2 Apparatus Fractionating column, thermometer, 100 mL round bottomed flask as the distillation pot, glass beads, anti-bumping granules, cotton wool, tight clip, Leibig condenser with rubber tubings, heating mantle, connecting side-arms as part of the fractional distillation setup, retort stand with clamp, water supply, 10 mL and 100 mL measuring cylinders, electronic balance, test-tubes, distilled water. 2.3 Procedure Part a) The separation of the acetone/toluene mixture and the measurement of the boiling points of each. The apparatus for fractional distillation was set-up appropriately using a 100 mL round-bottomed flask, the fractionating column provided, insulated well with cotton wool. 50 mL of the acetone/toluene mixture was placed in the 100 mL round-bottomed flask. This was measured using a measuring cylinder. A few boiling chips or anti-bumping granules, which were small irregularly pieces of material, were added to the round-bottomed flask in order to allow prolonged boiling. The apparatus was clamped accordingly from the neck of the round-bottomed flask and checked to be balanced and well set-up before the heating mantle was switched on. Then round-bottomed flask was heated slowly using a heating mantle, until the reading on the thermometer reached a steady state and drops were observed to condense out of the Leibig condenser. This was the boiling point of the first fraction. This steady state temperature was recorded and the distillate was collected in a 100 mL measuring cylinder. The distillation was allowed to proceed until no more liquid got out of the condenser into the measuring cylinder. Then the volume of the first fraction was recorded. When all of the first fraction was distilled out, the temperature at the top of the column was observed to increase and then reached a second steady state, which was the boiling point of the second fraction. Drops of the second fraction were observed to start to condense out of the Leibig condenser. This steady state temperature which was the boiling point of the second fraction, was recorded. The second distillate was collected in a clean measuring cylinder and then its volume was recorded. Part b) The usage of two different tests for the identification of the liquid distillate having a carbonyl group. (acetone) 2,4-DNPH test was first carried out. 2-3 drops of the liquid to be tested were added to 3 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and shaken. Any observations and inferences were recorded. The iodofrom test was then carried out. 4 micro drops of the liquid to be tested were dissolved in 2 mL distilled water, in a test-tube. The drops were added carefully using a pipette. 2 mL of 10 % sodium hydroxide were then added together with 2 mL of iodine solution, which were added slowly by drops. The substance was insoluble in water and therefore 2 mL dioxane were added. This was done so that the substance dissolved. Any observations and inferences were then recorded. Each test was carried out twice, for each distillate. Diagram: The set-up apparatus for Fractional Distillation. Precautions It was ensured that the thermometre was positioned accordingly at the mouth opening of the Leibig condenser, where it indicated which fraction was being evaporated by noting the temperature readings. The thermometer position was very important because if the thermometer bulb was to be placed too high, the vapours would reach it before they pass into the side-arm to be collected, and the observed boiling point would be lower than it should be. If the thermometer bulb was to be placed too low, vapours of impurities might reach it, and a high reading for the boiling point range would be given. It was ensured that the fractionating column was filled and packed with glass beads, for maximum possible surface area for vapour to condense on. It was ensured that a joint clip was used and attached between the end of the condenser and the side arm so that there was complete attachment of the setup together and any spillage of the liquid distillate was prevented, but allowed to drop only from the side arm tube, where the vent was present. It was ensured that the Leibig condenser provided was set-up accordingly with opening below meant for water to be pumped in while the opening at the top meant for water to be pumped out, and vice-versa. Although water pressure transfers from a higher to a lower height, if the condenser had to be the other way round the liquid might not be cooled completely as it would only condense the top portion of the condenser. Therefore if the rest of the part of the Leibig condenser was not cooled, the liquid would might evaporate into gas again at the bottom part of the condenser. This explained the importance of correct set-up. It was ensured that as much of the second fraction as possible was collected, however at the same time care was taken so as not to allow the distillation pot, i.e. the 100 mL round-bottomed flask, to boil dry otherwise the residues might ignite or expode. It was ensured that anti-bumping granules were used. These were placed in the 100 mL round-bottomed flask with the 50 mL of the acetone/toluene mixture. The granules were important since they allowed prolonged, smoother boiling without bumping and continuous even formation and release of vapour bubbles were observed. It was ensured that cotton wool was used so that the whole fractionating column was completely wrapped and covered for insulation or lagging. This was important so that the apparatus remained as warm as possible and excessive cooling was avoided, but occurred very slowly. It was ensured that parallax errors were avoided as much as possible by looking normally to the scale of the measuring cylinder were when taking readings of the volumes of liquids, or when taking temperature readings from the thermometre. For safety measures, it was ensured that care was taken when distilling organic solvents in order to avoid explosions and fires. Hence, it was ensured that the vapour did not come into contact with flames, sources of sparks or very hot surfaces such as hot plates. It was ensured that the apparatus was not completely sealed. A vent in the system was required so as to prevent pressure build up in the system as heating was carried out. Otherwise the apparatus would simply blow apart. Therefore, for safey measures, it was ensured that heating in a closed system was avoided. 3. Results Volume of acetone and toluene mixture used was: 50.0 mL Observations Inferences from the 2,4-DNPH test A red-orange precipitate was formed. This positive result means that a carbonyl group, was present in the formula of the substance. No precipitate was formed. The substance contained no carbonyl group, in its formula, hence a negative result was obtained. Observations Inferences from the Iodoform test A pale yellow precipitate was formed. This means that the substance contains a in its formula, hence it gave a positive iodoform with an antiseptic smell. No precipitate was formed. No group was present in the formula of the substance, hence a negative result was obtained. Suspected Identity of Fraction 4. Discussion: At any given temperature a pure liquid in a close container will establish an equilibrium with its vapour: liquidvapour The equilibrium vapour pressure above the liquid will depend upon the temperature. Considering mixing two liquids in different proportions, Raoults Law states that for an ideal mixture at a fixed temperature, the vapour pressure of each component is proportional to its mole fraction. This means that the graph of the vapour pressure of each component against its mole fraction will be a straight line passing through the origin. Considering the case of two volatile liquids, as in this experiment, each of which contributes to the total vapour pressure, by Daltons Law of partial pressures it is known that the total vapour pressure of the mixture is the sum of that of the components and this will also give a straight line when plotted against molar composition. Therefore it could be said that it is more convenient to plot boiling point of the mixture against molar composition. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature as which its vapour pressure reaches the external atmospheric pressure. Since the less volatile component will have the highest boiling point, being toluene in this case, the vapour pressure curves in figure 1 lead to boiling point-composition graph as shown in figure 2. Two curves were drawn in this diagram since the liquid mixture and the vapour in equilibrium with it do not have the same composition. The vapour will always contain a higher proportion of the more volatile (lower boiling point) component. This difference in composition between the liquid and vapour phases in equilibrium enables such a liiquid mixture to be separated by disitllation. To separate a liquid mixture which obeys Raoults Law, one must repeatedly distill, i.e. boil the liquid and condense the vapour. This is fractional distillation, and rather than carrying out each stage separately, it is convenient to use a fractionating column designed to allow many such steps to occur simultaneously. Fractional distillation is widely used in industrial chemistry for separating mixtures of miscible liquids which boil at different temperatures. For example pure oxygen, nitrogen and noble gases may be obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation. Another example is the hydrocarbons in crude oil which can be separated into useful fractions. In order to discuss the results obtained, one should say that these were clearly explained in the table of results tabulated. It was observed that the boiling points measured were very reliable since these were checked using the organic compounds database website, maintanied by Colby College and the components of the mixture provided i.e acetone and toluene were listed. One should say that there were many readings, as can be observed from the table of results, where the temperature remained constant as more drops of distillate were collected.This confirmed the boiling point of the organic liquid. Some modifications could be made for the procedure of the fractional distillation process. For instance, rather than using a fractionating column packed with glass beads to give the maximum possible surface area for vapour to condense on, a fractionating column with spikes of glass sticking out from the sides could be used, and this would serve the same purpose. Sources of error Once the temperature on the thermometre was observed to rise rapidly, this meant that a mixture of both organic liquids were distilling over. Hence, these few drops should have been collected in a separate container and discarded since they did not consist of an individual liquid. However, this was not done. Hence the volume of the first fraction (acetone) collected was slightly greater than it was supposed to be and was not of the pure organic liquid but had some drops of the second fraction (toluene) in it. this is the container was replaced once the temperature was raised. The thermometer was repeatedly being moved up and down when the temperature readings were taken. This is because some of the scale was hidden by the set-up itself. This movement of the thermometre might affected the results slightly because the boiling temperature range obtained might varied a bit due to this action. 5. Conclusion: It was concluded that fractional distillation was carried out and therefore separation of two organic liquids acetone/toluene mixture occurred. It was also concluded that the boiling point of each component was found and tests on each liquid component, once distillated and separated, were carried out in order to prove the identity of the component.

Making Funeral Speeches More Dramatic in Julius Caesar :: William Shakespeare Julius Caesar Essays

Making Funeral Speeches More Dramatic in Julius Caesar As every schoolboy knows, Shakespeare’s play of Julius Caesar isn’t a play based on reality but is a play about ‘Was Brutus right to kill his beloved Caesar?’ Therefore, the funeral speeches were written to allow Brutus a chance to prove that he was right to kill Julius Caesar whereas it also gives Antony the opportunity to convince the Plebeians how it was wrong to assassinate Julius Caesar. For these speeches to become livelier and not dull, this scene will be changed into a thrilling play for the spectators to watch and enjoy! Firstly, the Roman-set play has the stage picture of fruits and used objects scattered all over the floors of the closed down markets to mourn Julius Caesar’s death (in other words an excuse for a holiday)! There is an elevated rectangular area in the middle of the stage and there also is a door to the elevated area. The Patricians (Antony and Brutus) have to open this door and go up a small flight of stairs to reach the top of this raised section. Here everyone all around them will see them. A red striped toga clothes these Patricians whereas the civil servants are wearing green striped togas. Dirty rags to show the audience what they earned from their worthless jobs are clothing the Plebeians. A balcony is used for speculation of the play. This is where a few Plebeians mix with the audience along with a few civil servants blending into the crowd of watchers. All of the Plebeians and the civil servants have a major role to play in the external part of the play, which shall be explained later. The stage is covered in debris and Plebeians are also scattered between and outside all four corners of the stage. Secondly, the properties, which are probably the most important aspects of this attractive scene, include a large proportion of Antony’s properties. However, Brutus doesn’t have any properties. In addition to these, there are also visuals and music. Antony’s assets are inclusive of: - 1) The Will- of Julius Caesar 2) The Corpse of Julius Caesar- that is put on the front of the raised rectangular area to create trepidation in the weak hearts of the gullible Plebeians. So as to cause more perturbation in the Plebeians hearts, the bayonet that Julius Caesar was killed by is laid by the corpse pointing vertically downwards. As for the music, an hautboy (oboe) is heard playing swiftly in the background- but not disrupting the funeral speeches. Ultimately, there is a spotlight shining up from beneath the orator’s feet and its